13.8.2. Cost by nature
| 2021 | 2020 (restated data) |
|
|---|---|---|
| Materials and energy | (77 319) | (50 480) |
| Cost of merchandise and raw materials sold | (24 487) | (16 879) |
| External services | (6 384) | (5 285) |
| Employee benefits, incl.: | (4 840) | (4 102) |
| payroll expenses | (3 865) | (3 176) |
| social security expenses | (737) | (607) |
| Depreciation and amortisation | (5 341) | (4 557) |
| Taxes and charges | (6 802) | (3 579) |
| Other | (767) | (718) |
| (125 940) | (85 600) | |
| Change in inventories | 3 521 | (1 479) |
| Cost of products and services for own use | 508 | 872 |
| Operating expenses | (121 911) | (86 207) |
| Distribution expenses | 8 507 | 7 226 |
| Administrative expenses | 2 615 | 2 314 |
| Cost of sales | (110 789) | (76 667) |
| % share | ||
| 2021 | 2020 | |
| Materials and energy | 61.4% | 59.0% |
| Cost of merchandise and raw materials sold | 19.4% | 19.7% |
| External services | 5.1% | 6.2% |
| Employee benefits, incl.: | 3.8% | 4.8% |
|
payroll expenses |
3.1% | 3.8% |
|
social security expenses |
0.6% | 0.7% |
| Depreciation and amortisation | 4.2% | 5.3% |
| Taxes and charges | 5.4% | 4.2% |
| Other | 0.7% | 0.8% |
| 100.0% | 100.0% | |
The increase in materials and energy by PLN (26,881) million, mainly of crude oil and other chemicals used in technological processes, is mainly the result of higher crude oil prices on global markets.
The increase by PLN (7,608) million in the value of cost of merchandise and raw materials sold is mainly the result of lower own production and an increase in the prices of finished products in 2021.
The increase in the item Taxes and charges in the period of 31 December 2021 in comparison with the previous year by PLN (3,223) million resulted mainly from updating the provision for the estimated costs of CO2 emissions for 2020 and the creation/decreases of the provision for the estimated costs of CO2 emissions for 2021 taking into account the settlement of subsidies for allowances received for free for the current year in the total amount of PLN (2,984) million.
The higher costs of creation and revaluation of provision for 2021 were influenced both by higher weighted average price of CO2 allowances resulting from the purchase of 7 million of CO2 allowances under the forward contracts held by the Group in March 2021 as well as by the fact that for the estimated emission in the part not covered by the allowances held as at the reporting date, the value of the provision was calculated based on market prices.
Taxes and charges in 2021 and 2020 also included the cost related to the emission fee in the amount of PLN (1,133) million and PLN (1,079) million, respectively and the implementation of National Indicator Target and National Regulatory Target in the total amount of PLN (197) million and PLN (283) million, respectively.
The increase in other items cost by nature in 2021 in comparison to the comparative period was mainly due to the Group’s acquisitions in 2020 and 2021.
Additional information describing changes in operating expenses items is included in note 9.
Impact of new entities on cost by nature
| 2021 | 2020 | |
|---|---|---|
| Materials and energy | (936) | (608) |
| Cost of merchandise and raw materials sold | (7 033) | (3 887) |
| External services | (1 680) | (909) |
| Employee benefits | (1 360) | (871) |
| Depreciation and amortisation | (1 171) | (690) |
| Taxes and charges | (1 631) | (796) |
| Other | (100) | (58) |
| (13 911) | (7 819) | |
| Change in inventories | (6) | – |
| Cost of products and services for own use | 256 | 156 |
| Operating expenses | (13 661) | (7 663) |
| Distribution expenses | 1 234 | 606 |
| Administrative expenses | 424 | 245 |
| Cost of sales | (12 003) | (6 812) |
|
|
% share |
|
| 2021 | 2020 | |
| Materials and energy | 6.7% | 7.8% |
| Cost of merchandise and raw materials sold | 50.6% | 49.8% |
| External services | 12.1% | 11.6% |
| Employee benefits | 9.8% | 11.1% |
| Depreciation and amortisation | 8.4% | 8.8% |
| Taxes and charges | 11.7% | 10.2% |
| Other | 0.7% | 0.7% |
| 100.0% | 100.0% | |